Andy Warhol Life Facts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andy Warhol Life Facts - Research Paper Example The paper "Andy Warhol Life Facts" analyzes the life and art of Andy Warhol. Warhol studied elementary at Holmes Elementary School and later on took free art classes at Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. He attended high school at Schenley High School after which in 1945, he studied pictorial design at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1949, he graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Fine Arts. He then moved to New York and started a career as a commercial artist. It was also during this time that he dropped the â€Å"a† in Warhola and became Andy Warhol. After a year in New York, Warhol was hired as commercial artist for various famous brands such as Columbia Records, Glamour magazine, Harper’s Bazaar, NBC, Tiffany & Co. and Vogue. His style as a commercial artist includes the use of his original blotted line technique and rubber stamps. He became one of the most popular commercial artists in the 1950s, winning several awards. It was in 1961 that Warhol introduced the concept of â€Å"pop art†. These were paintings that were focused on mass-produced commercial goods. One of his most popular works is the painting of the Campbell soup cans which he exhibited in 1962. Some of his other famous pop paintings are the Coca-cola bottles, vacuum cleaners and hamburgers. Warhol expressed his reason for painting these products, â€Å"I wanted to paint nothing. I was looking for something that was the essence of nothing, and that was it†. Warhol also painted portraits of famous celebrities with vibrant and dazzling colors.

Marketing Communication (PG Tips) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Communication (PG Tips) - Essay Example In the year 2005, for example, tea's share of beverages grew by one percent, a positive sign for the tea market. The competition: Tea has strong competition not just from other beverages like coffee brands, flavoured water, juices, soft drink brands and hard drinks but also from the various varieties of tea. Today myriad kinds of herbal teas dot the market, and each brand promotes its uniqueness. The main competitors include Clipper Teas Ltd, Premier Foods, Tetley group, Drury Tea and Coffee company, Whittard of Chelsea and Associated British Foods Plc to name a few. In this cluttered market, where brand loyalty for a particular brand is strong, but customers constantly experiment with new and unusual flavours, it is thus vital for a brand like PG Tips to make its presence felt for the basic brand of black tea. Market and customer behaviour: With changing lifestyles, the usage of tea as a drink with the breakfast or a drink that people wake up to has also evolved. Many people prefer juice to the morning tea and many opt for diet coke over the evening tea. Besides this, types of tea purchased also vary with socio-economic status, marital status, working status, presence of children and household size. Research has revealed that the main customers to target for the traditional PG tips black tea bags are women over 35 years of age. Research has revealed that this segment of customers purchase tea for their family and enjoy it together in a typically British way. THE 5Ps FOR PG TIPS PRODUCT: The black tea of PG Tips in its original styled bag is the product in question. It has an existing customer base, which is not so large but steady. It has health benefits not yet advertised. And it has plenty of competition from a range of complementary and supplementary products. PRICE: PG Tips has decided not to be a price player and it must stick to the position. The prices must not be discounted, as today's customer automatically becomes wary of a product's quality if the price is slashed. However economy packs of the tea bag that last for the entire month can be promoted. PLACE: Prominent kiosks must be located at stores for stacking the tea. Special samples of the improved tea bag can be included with other Unilever products. Samples can also be included with complementary products like biscuit packets, crackers, chips and snacks. PACKAGING: As PG Tips is an existing brand with an old image, it is important to revive the packaging keeping the new communication and sales strategy in mind. However the new packaging must not be drastically different as it may make the existing loyal customer wary. The new packaging for the practical woman over 35 must not be overtly fancy but be practical to use and stock. It must show value for money she spends and PG Tips must keep this maturity factor in mind. It would also benefit to add a small paragraph detailing the health benefits of black tea. PROMOTION: Cross promotions at beauty parlours or women stores where women often visit may be a good idea. They could be offered tea and redemption coupons at these outlets. Tie ups could also be done with stores where women are offered purchase benefit coupons (like membership to a club, password to an online PG Tips tea club, prizes) on the tea. THE IDEA OF THE CAMPAIGN The campaign must mainly target women over 35 years old, as this is the segment that goes to

Unemployment In Jamaica Cause and Effect

Unemployment In Jamaica Cause and Effect This project is consisting of information on unemployment in Jamaica and what can be done to improve employment. Unemployment is macroeconomics There are different types of unemployment such as frictional unemployment this is a type of voluntary unemployment that arises because of the time needed to match job seekers with job openings, structural unemployment this happens when a large amount of unemployed workers (labor force) isnt qualify for a large amount of labor force demand. seasonal unemployment, this is when persons are employed temporary for reasons such as a hotel or supermarket needing extra help because of a season (Christmas, summer) but will cut loose those workers when that season period is finish and cyclical unemployment this is used to refer to the fluctuation in unemployment that is incurred by business cycles, more specially, the unemployment caused by economic recessions. In this project you will find information on this problem and why it is consider being an ec onomic one, the theories and model pertaining to unemployment, recommend economic concepts and inventions that can be employed to correct unemployment and the benefits of applying these concepts and inventions. What is the economic problem? Unemployment in Jamaica Unemployment Spikes to 14.1% with 23,000 Jobs lost Unemployment is one of the main problems affecting Jamaica. According to Streetdirectory, Unemployment refers to the condition and extent of joblessness within an economy, and is measured in terms of the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total civilian labor force. (Sinha, 2012) According to The Gleaner, published Friday May 18, 2012, Some 23,000 jobs were lost last year after the current survey was done. In January 2012, The Labor force Survey release in May put the unemployment rate at 14.1 per cent compared to last year, which was at 12.9 per cent. The labor force has grown to 177,200 and the latest survey shows that some 9,300 people dropped out of the labor force, cutting the pool from 1.27 million to 1.26 million. The Gleaner also stated that The result for the January 2012 survey, which was conducted over the period December 18-24, estimate that there are 686,900 males and 573,700 women in the labor force. The employed pool totaled 1.08 million, of which was 56.7 per cent or 614,800 are men and 468,600 or 43 per cent are women. The Gleaner also states that, The spike in unemployment is heavily skewed towards females among whom the unemployment rate is 18.3 per cent, while for men it is 10.5 per cent. Sectors with the largest jobs cuts over one year included construction, 10,900 jobs lost, and professionals, senior officials and technician, 10,200 cuts. Statin estimates that the persons seeking work in the January 2012 survey as increased by 4.3 per cent. The effects unemployment has on Jamaica Unemployment affects majority of our Jamaicans especially the inter city areas and in particular the youth of this area. Unemployment creates many problems such as crime and violence, lowering of ones self-esteem, and poverty. Etc. Crime and Violence comes to present because when unemployed person are in need and cannot assist themselves or other, they turn to robbing and killing others to satisfy their needs and wants. The lowering of ones self-esteem may occur when they see another working and being able to assist themselves while he/she cant do the same. This can lead to crime and violence. Poverty is a big issue in today economy and most unemployed person are the one facing this situation. When person cant work and afford things, this lead to financial problems, divorce, children losing their education and health, hunger, fights and more which then can lead to poverty. Why consider unemployment to be an economic problem? 1. Unemployment is an economic problem due to the fact that when the economy is not doing well, businesses begin to lay off workers 2. It affects consumer confidence in terms of consumers that are employed will start to devote their money more in savings than to spend it on unnecessary items because of the fear of them losing their jobs. 3. High unemployment creates pressure on the government budget. High unemployment reduces the total taxation receipts the government receives because people without an income wont be able to pay their income tax. This will then place a drain on the government funds as the unemployed claim the job search allowance. 4. Unemployment reduces the output of goods and service that could otherwise have been produced by unemployed labor force. If unemployment rate is very high, an economy will produce below its potential. Etc Question 2 Economic Theories and model pertaining to this problem Classical economic theory 1. According to the lead authors, Global Development and Environment Institute, Neva R. Goodwin, Julie A. Nelson, Frank Ackerman, Thomas Weisskopf classical economic theory, unemployment is seen as a sign that smooth labor market functioning is being obstructed in some way. The classical approach assumes that markets behave as described by idealized supply-and-demand model. The labor market is seen as though it were a single, static market, characterized by perfect competition, spot transaction, and institutions for double auction bidding (Global Development and Environment, 2006). Resume help for Unemployed Assess the Gap 2. According to Teena Rose, director of resume-writing firm ExpertResume.com, the best way to address an employment gap depends on how long one has been out of work. She states that if one is unemployed for a year or less, then the best thing to do is to not say anything. This is not necessary to place on resume (Kim Isaacs, 2012). 3. Short Run Phillip Curve The short run Phillips curve shows the inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation rate. According to theory, when there is high unemployment, producers can set lower wages and still attract labor. When unemployment level is low, firms will have to pay high wages in order to attract labor as there wouldnt be much competition between them. This theory contradicts with two of the four main aims of the government low/stable inflation rate and low unemployment level. Question 3 Economic concepts or intervention that can be used to correct unemployment 1. According to Kimberly Amadeo and About.com Guide, the solution for unemployment is obviously to create new jobs. They state that a healthy economic growth rate of 2-3% is enough to create the 150,000 new jobs needed to keep unemployment from rising. (Kimberly Amadeo, 2012) 2. According to Answers, the solution for unemployment can be correct in many ways, such as, a) cutting in real wage, cutting in real wage are a reaction to the view that through their demands for higher wages, some groups of workers have priced themselves out of a job. b) Unemployment agencies could tighten their job search and acceptance requirement. c) Improving the education and training provided to young people, with a greater focus on vocational skills. d) Government support to struggling industries in order to try and save jobs. e) The government needs to try and create demand in economy. This could give grant to businesses to produce goods, have projects such as road building, cut interest rates to encourage spending and cut income tax to encourage spending. f) Countries need to ensure that their welfare systems do not provide disincentives to workers. (Answers, 2012) 3. Phillip curve Its a large believe that unemployment could be solve using the Phillips curve. This involves increasing inflation to reduce unemployment by fooling workers into accepting jobsat at a lower rate than they would otherwise have done, due to the declining value of money. 4. Demand side supplies Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labor and decreasing unemployment. The demand for labor in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, the demand for labor will increase, increasing employment and wages. 5. Supply side policies Minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means too many people want to sell their labor at the going price but cannot. Supply-side policies can solve this by making the labor market more flexible. This includes removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions, which act as a labor cartel. Other supply side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers. Cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, creates jobs and reduce unemployment. (curve) Question 4 What are the benefits of applying the economic concept above? 1. Creating new jobs Creating new jobs accommodates employment, growth in GDP, develop infrastructure, help to reduce depts and more. Having a job is essential in living life and retiring at a comfortable age and this is something that all individual looks forward to and without them having a job this may lead to crime and violence. The concept of creating new job will increase employment and decrease unemployment. 2. A. Cut in wage Not cutting the real wage can allow persons to keep their job instead of pricing themselves out. B. Unemployment agencies could tighten their acceptance requirement and job search. Job agencies tightening their acceptance requirement and job search could lead to more persons that are not fully qualified or have the right requirement to have the chance to be employed instead of them being unemployed. C. Improving the education and training provided to young people, with a greater focus on vocational skills. Improving the education and training of young adult will help them to be better equipped for the working world. One way is to train them by actually allowing them to do the work instead of teaching them orally and from them writing. This will help them to better understand and to have gained some experience. D. The government needs to try and create demand in economy. Government creating demand in the economy will also workers to produce more goods and interest rate will be cut which will then produce more spending of consumer. E. Government support to struggling industries in order to try and save jobs. Government supporting struggling industries and trying to save jobs will help in building the economy, reduce unemployment and more. 3. Supply side policies Inputting supply side policies will allow wage and union to not fall to a lower price so a lot of person will be able to sell their labor at a going price. This can make the labor market more flexible by removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of union, which act as a labor cartel. 4. Demand side supplies Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase growth in the economy. This can increase the demand for labor and decrease unemployment, the demand for economy is derived from the demand for goods and services so the demand for labor will increase which will increase employment and wages. Recommendation I would strongly recommend that the government of Jamaica try to find new ways to implement strategies that can produce employment in Jamaica because with so many person unemployed, it is affecting the economy and also affecting the citizens. With so many persons being out of job it affects their daily life which leads to disaster such as robbery, crime and violence, lack of education to children and young adult and more. Conclusion It has been concluded that unemployment have a major effect on Jamaica economy. With unemployment rate increasing each year, it affects families, students and others. Unemployment is an economic problem due to the fact that when the economy is not doing well, businesses begin to lay off workers, It affects consumer confidence in terms of consumers that are employed will start to devote their money more in savings than to spend it on unnecessary items because of the fear of them losing their jobs and more.

Socialism for the Common Man Essay -- Economic System

â€Å"I wished to frighten the country by a picture of what its industrial masters were doing to their victims; entirely by chance I stumbled on another discovery—what they were doing to the meat-supply of the civilized world. In other words, I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident hit it in the stomach† (Yoder 9). With the publication of a single book, Upton Sinclair found himself an overnight phenomenon receiving international response. In late 1904, Sinclair left for Chicago to tell the story of the poor common workingmen and women unfairly enslaved by the vast monopolistic enterprises. He found that he could go anywhere in the stockyards provided that he â€Å"[wore] old clothes†¦ and [carried] a workman’s dinner pail† (Sougstad 553). While Sinclair spent seven weeks in Chicago living amongst and interviewing the Chicago workers, he came upon another discovery—the filth of improper sanitation and the processing of spoiled meat . From what he saw, Sinclair spun a tale with graphic descriptions of the packing houses, creating a book that produced unprecedented public uproar. The book entitled, The Jungle, is said to have decreased America’s meat consumption for decades and President Roosevelt, himself, reportedly threw his breakfast sausages out his window after reading the novel. The New York Evening Post responded, â€Å"Mary had a little lamb and when she saw it sicken; she shipped it off to Packingtown and now it’s labeled chicken† (Krugman). However, Sinclair classified his novel as a failure and blamed himself for the public’s misunderstanding. He found it disheartening that the public was less concerned about the plight of the slaughterhouse workers than the possibility of eating tainted meat. In Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, he ill... ...the bottom as the worst of scum. Sinclair promotes socialism, as publicly owned corporations will be less about individual profit but the well-being of the common good. Sinclair promotes socialism in The Jungle in many methods: a capitalist society provides workers with sickening working condition, a capitalist society consists of corruption, and a socialistic society will mean a perfect world. Sinclair’s extremely graphic details lead to global acknowledgement. President Roosevelt dubbed Upton Sinclair as â€Å"a muckraker†Ã¢â‚¬â€an individual who channels time and effort into exposing corruption. Even though Sinclair’s novel did not do as much for the poor as he hoped, it did bring about change to America: stricter meat-packing regulations, standards of cleanliness in processing plants, and public knowledge of what the Chicago corporations were doing to their canned meat.

Organizational Development Term Paper Essay

2.1 MEANING OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) (Rao 1990) Human resource development is the process of helping people to acquire expertise. In an organizational context, it is the process by which organizations help their employees in a continuous and planned way in order to: †¢ acquire or sharpen the abilities required to perform various functions associated with their present or expected future roles; †¢ develop their general skills as individuals, discover and utilize their inner potential for their own and/or organizational development purposes; †¢ develop an organizational culture in which supervisor subordinate relationships, teamwork and collaboration among sub-units are strong and contribute to the professional well-being, motivation, and pride of employees. The Human resource development process is facilitated by mechanisms (instruments or sub systems) such as performance appraisal, training, organizational development (OD) feedback and counseling, career development, potential development, job rotation and rewards. Employees are helped constantly in order to make them to acquire new skills. This aid is offered through a process of planning, performance, feedback and training. It also includes, assessment of the developmental needs, periodic reviews of performance, and the creation of development opportunities through training, job rotation, responsibility definit ion and similar other mechanisms. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) Human resource development is a people-oriented concept that focuses on developing the skills, knowledge and competencies of people. Human resource development can be applied both at the organizational level as well as the national level. Various authors have not yet been fully successful in conceiving the whole concept of human resource development. They have defined the term from their standpoint due to the fact that it is a recent concept and therefore is still in the conceptualizing stage. Lifelong learning has become an important topic under the globalization perspective, the whole world develops into a â€Å"learning society† (Gass,  1996). Work organizations are becoming important partners in this learning society, as they provide more and more opportunities for continuous learning to their employees with the objective to optimize organizational learning as a whole (Karen et al., 2001). Despite the growing number of publications on Human Resource Developments (HRDs) role in organizational learning many uncertainties remain. However, many interesting initiatives are being undertaken by HRD practitioners in facilitating employee learning and professional development (Tjepkema, 2000). Many organizations have renamed their training departments to human resource development departments. Surprisingly some organizations renamed their personnel departments to human resource development departments. Some educational institutions started awarding degrees and diplomas in human resource development, with the fact remaining that the concept is not yet crystal clear. It is a concept not so old that sufficient human input could have been possible. The concept of human resource development was introduced by Nadler (1984) in a conference organized by the American society for training and development. Nadler (1984) defines human resource development as â€Å"Those learning experiences, which are organized for a specific time and designed to bring about the possibility of behavioral and attitudinal change. 23 General Assembly resolution 44/213 of UN in 1989 states: Quote†¦ â€Å"HRD is a broad concept— requiring integrated and concentrated strategies, policies plans and programs to ensure the development of the full potential of human beings—so that they may, individually and collectively, be capable of improving their standard of living†.——unquote. Alvin Toffler, the author of â€Å"future shock† and â€Å"The Third Wave† wrote about the importance of learning in the 21st Century and how the use of learning skills will denote literacy. The definition he used has more meaning than ever in current times and can serve as a gauge for us as individuals and as organizations both in measuring our own concepts regarding HRD skills and in planning learning experiences with others. The term learning experience refers to purposeful or intentional learning not incidental learning as  cited by John (2005). Organizational view point is that human resource development is a process in which the employees of an organization are motivated to acquire and develop technical, managerial and behavioral knowledge skills and abilities (John 2005). Their values beliefs and attitudes are reshaped in order to perform present and future roles by releasing the highest human potential with a view to contributing positively to individual’s social goals as well as the organizational goals. A comparative analysis of these definitions seems elaborate and comprehensive as it deals with the developmental aspects of all the components of human resources. Furthermore, it deals with all skill sets, the present and future organizational needs and aspects of contributions at organizational level. The analysis of the definitions further shows that there are three aspects in human resource development: †¢ Organizational employees are helped and motivated †¢ Various aspects of human resources are acquired, developed and molded †¢ Contribute to the organizational, group, individual and social goals. Initially the helping and motivating factors of human resource development, like organizational structure and climate, human resource development climate, human resource development knowledge and skills of managers and resource planning recruitment and selection may be called enabling factors. The second aspect deals with techniques or methods, which mean to acquire, develop and shape up the various human resources. These techniques include; performance appraisal, potential appraisal, career planning, and development, training, management development, social and cultural programmes, workers participation in management and quality circles. The third category includes the outcomes contribution of the human resource development process to the goals of the organization, group, individuals and society. 2.3 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: The following are the elements of human resource development discussed in detail: †¢ human resource development activities to be the joint responsibility of  various target functionaries, such as managers, govt. functionaries and in case of education, teachers and parents as well. †¢ reducing direct recruitment by retraining and, redeployment of existing manpower, so as to encourage professionalism with a reasonable uplift to the status of a professional approach specially required in education. †¢ placing emphasis on human resource development strategies which would suitably match the individual and organizational needs, with special reference to teacher education where trainees are enjoying double role – as a student and as a teacher also this magnifies the significance of professional needs to be addressed on priority. †¢ using training as the main human resource development strategy; utilizing performance and potential appraisal not only as mechanisms for deciding rewards and punishments but as an effective tool for development, as a trained individual a teacher in this case has also to lead his / her students to 25 an optimum possibilities of innovation and creativity which will be impossible without quality development considered in training scope. But moving a bit beyond by incorporating all aspects of HRD which are required for developing softer images in the personalities of these trainees who are supposed to facilitate students rather than pulling into a hard, rough and tough situations where the softer aspects of students’ personalities have hardly any space to grow. †¢ making jobs more meaningful and providing challenges and intrinsic motivation so that they become the strongest motivators, as without proper motivation both at teachers and students end, canvas of creativity cannot be widened. †¢ developing the line staff as competent resource people for human resource development, in the environment of intellectual development for quality assurance. †¢ conducting periodic reviews of the organizational health introducing suitable interventions on a long-term basis but with a suitable / workable frequency to make the development . †¢ encouraging, adopting and experimenting with new interventions aimed at human resources development and liberally encouraging research and to find new horizon for mental caliber of trainee teachers. †¢ conducting regular audit of the effectiveness of the personnel and human resource development systems, so that this system is obliged to be economically viable and practical. †¢ developing and implementing a mechanism for clarification of goals and roles for individuals and groups; and making them capable of goal oriented. That will make their job experts with a stress to time constraints. †¢ arranging for a continuous exchange of ideas with eminent professionals, so that the development process covers wider canvas and involves mutual interest and understanding. 2.4 DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) Human resource development is considered the key to higher productivity, better relations and greater profitability for any organization. Iqbal (2007) says human productivity is crucial for growth and survival of organizations. Cheney (2002) supported the concept that higher productivity leads to ultimate societal benefits. As far as the dimensions/components/sub- systems of human resource development are concerned, mechanisms of human resource development have been designed in different ways and various thinkers and professionals have offered divergent views. Rao (1988) suggests that human resource development sub-systems comprise performance appraisal, potential appraisal, career planning, training, performance coaching, organization development, employee welfare, rewards, qualities of work life and human resource information system. Pareek (1983) refers to performance appraisal, feedback, counseling, potential appraisal, career advancement, career planning and training as dimensions of human resource development. Varadan (1987) traces human resource development mechanism into performance appraisal, role analysis, organization development and quality circles. Though there is diversity among these arguments, but one can trace out that on some of the dimensions  there is unanimity of opinion among the experts. Iqbal (2007) refers, improvement in human productivity is crucial to a country like Pakistan where the rate of investment has already been low and falls in the range of 17 to 18%.Therefore organizations need to develop employees to enhance productivity. 2.5 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS Jayagopal (1988) proposed a comprehensive framework for human resource development program, comprised upon four major areas with nineteen functions under them. and also suggest a dense network of interconnections between these functions. That framework was thrashed and most necessary components are only discussed in detail. 2.5.1 Manpower Planning Manpower planning is the process which assesses and determines that the organization will have an adequate number of qualified persons available at specific times, performing jobs which would fulfill the needs of the organization and which would provide satisfaction for the individuals involved. It is an endeavor to catch demand and supply, it involves: †¢ calculation of net human resource requirements based on present level of human resources; †¢ based on the objectives and long-term plans of the organization, an estimation of present and future requirements and supply of human resource; †¢ to develop the human resource of existing employees and planning an approach that will enable the organization to get the rest of human resources from outside the organization. †¢ initiating steps to change, mould and develop the existing human resource to meet the future human resource requirements. 2.5.2 Recruitment, Selection and Placement Generation of applications for specific positions for actual or anticipated vacancies is known as Recruitment. Through ideal recruitment procedure suitable applicants could be identified. Selection is the process of ascertaining the qualifications, experience, skill, knowledge etc of an applicant with a view to appraising his/her suitability to a job. The  selected candidate is assigned the most suitable job is Placement. Right person on the right job may produce the best results. 2.5.3 Training and Development The two terms are quite identical to each other, but they are not the same in meaning. Training is a learning process that aims to permanently improve the ability and behavior of the employees by enabling them to acquire new skill, knowledge and attitude for more efficient performance. Which includes: †¢ identification of training needs †¢ developing suitable training programmes †¢ providing requisite job skills and knowledge to employees †¢ evaluating the effectiveness of training programmes Development is the growth or realization of a person’s ability, through conscious or unconscious learning. Development programs usually include phases of planned study and experience, and are usually supported by a coaching or counseling facility. Development occurs when a gain in experience is effectively combined with the conceptual understanding that can illustrate it, giving increased confidence both to act and to perceive how such action relates to its context (Bolton, 1995). 2.5.4 Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is the process which helps determine the efficiency of a worker in his/her job performance. It provides a mechanism for identification of merits and deficiencies observed in an employee in relation to his/ her job performance. Appraisal is to determine the present state of efficiency of a worker in order to establish the actual need for training. The process of performance appraisal consists of following: †¢ Setting the standards for performance †¢ Communicating the standard to the employees, measuring the performance, comprising the actual performance with the standard set. 2.5.5 Job Rotation The distribution of responsibilities it is suggested will result in specialization. However, to be able to utilize their specialization in the  best possible way, the worktasks should be rotated among the employees so as to broaden their field of specialization as well as their knowledge about the organization’s operation as a whole. Therefore, once a year the work-tasks, should be rotated among the various employees depending upon their qualifications and suitability to perform the new work-task. 2.5.6 Wage and Salary Administration The principal need of all employees is adequate wage and salary, which should be proportionate with his/her duties and responsibilities. Wage and salary administration refers to the establishment and implementation of sound policies and practices of employee compensation. It includes areas such as job evaluation, development and maintenance of wage structure, wage surveys, wage incentives, profit sharing, wage changes and adjustments, supplementary payments, control of compensation costs, etc. Wages and salaries are important in determining the standard of living, per capita income, productivity, moral and economic well being of the workers and employees. 2.5.7 Career Planning and Development The concept of career planning emerged in the USA in the 1970s, and become popular .It encouraged employees to analyze and assess their ambitions and provide them with the information about a company’s career opportunities. It focuses on generating an awareness of strengths and weaknesses among employees and at helping them to match their skills and abilities to the Heads and demand of the organization. Without development of people in the organization, the organization cannot prosper. The General Electric Company (GEC) in USA has brought out the ‘Career Dimensions’ work books. The four areas where career planning program can benefit a company are; †¢ They maintain a positive relation with employees. †¢ They help to avoid mismatches between what an employee wants and what a company needs and can offer. †¢ They provide a way of identifying opportunities for continuous career growth. †¢ They improve the utilization of professional and managerial staff. 2.5.8 Organization Development Organization Development (OD) is an organization-wide, planned effort emphasizing appropriate intervention in the continuous activities of the organization, which is managed from the top. Robbins (1993) describes OD as, ‘A collection of planned change interventions, built on humanistic-democratic values, that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well being’. It consists of the activities related to organizations as social systems which focus on changing the human infrastructure through interventions in the various processes. In a planned way strategy is formulated focusing on developing and stimulating the adaptive capacities of organizations so as to allow them to respond to their internal and external environments, in a pro-active manner. Organization development provides a normative framework within which, changes in the climate and culture of the organization towards harnessing the human potential for realization of organizational objectives is brought out. Organization development exercise includes a teambuilding programme, interpersonal sensitivity, role clarity, personal growth and stress management. 2.5.9 Quality Circle Quality circle is a self-governing group of workers with or without their supervisors. This group voluntarily meets regularly in order to identify, analyze and solve the problems related to their work area. The circle groups discuss issues and problems relating to their work unit and their own jobs, and can meet both during and after working hours. In addition to the quality circles, there are facilitators, coordinators, and the steering committee that play their respective roles at various stages of functioning of the quality circles. The objectives of the quality circle are: †¢ Enhancement and utilization of human resources effectively †¢ Satisfaction of the worker’s psychological needs for motivation †¢ Enhancement of employee’s supervisory skills like leadership, interpersonal and conflict resolution †¢ Developing the skills through participation creating work interest, inculcating problem-solving techniques etc. 2.5.10 Human Resource Information System A systematic way of gathering and storing information about each individual  employee for the benefit of planning, decision-making and supply of returns to external agencies at the organizational level is known as human resource information system. A variety of records are maintained to meet the needs of manpower planning, recruitment, development of people, compensation, integration and maintenance and separations not only for internal control, feedback and corrective action, but also to meet the various constitutional obligations.

Symbols in Business Communication

Non-verbal communication is divided into four broad categories: Physical – This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions. Aesthetic – This is the type of communication that takes place through creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing. Signs – This is the mechanical type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens. Symbolic – This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or day to day activitites symbols. Symbols are representations of an event, action, object, person, or place that can be used to communicate about the event, action, object, person, or place. Concrete symbols : The more a symbol resembles what it represents, the more concrete that symbol is. An example of a concrete symbol would be a spoon, used during mealtimes, to represent mealtime. Abstract symbols: The less a symbol resembles what it represents, the more abstract that symbol is. A less concrete (or more abstract) symbol would be a small line drawing of a person eating or action of eating. A symbol stands in place of an object. It may be a physical object such as a flag standing for patriotism and national pride. a cross with strong religious meaning for Christians. even the Nike swoosh or the McDonald’s arches. Or it may be a word or phrase, such as the â€Å"Jai Mata Di† printed on head bands. Symbol Representation an object used as part of the activity it represents, an object identical to the one used as part of an activity, an object similar but not identical to the object used as part of an activity, a part of an object, full-sized coloured drawing of the object, a full-sized black and white drawing of the object or a reduced-size coloured drawing of an object, a reduced-size black and white drawing of an object, a printed word. There is a similar hierarchy for movement with an object to sign: movement with an object used as part of the activity it represents, movement with an object identical to one used as part of an activity, movement with an obj ect similar to but not identical to the one used as part of an activity it represents, movement without an object Disadvantages of symbols For example, a symbol based on visual similarities may not be as concrete for a person with a visual impairment as it would be for an individual who is fully sighted. A symbol based on an action may be abstract for an individual with physical impairment such that he/she had never performed that action.

The Complete College Application Process Expert Guide

The Complete College Application Process Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you want to successfully complete the college application process and make yourself as competitive for college admission as possible, you’ll be directly or indirectly working on your college applications well before the deadlines approach. In fact, if you have any intention of applying to selective colleges, this process can really begin as early as your freshman year. In this article, I’ll describe all of the tasks you should complete to maximize your chances of getting into the best possible college. Furthermore, I’ll let you know when you should be completing these tasks so that you’re able to stay on top of the process. Feature image source: Scott Savage/Flickr Overview of the College Application Process The major components of your application that will be evaluated are your transcript, your standardized test scores, your recommendations, your personal essay, and your extracurricular activities. I'll walk you through all the steps you need to take to strengthen each component of your application. If you follow my advice and timeline, you'll make yourself an extremely strong candidate for any college. Read on to learn the specific things you should be doing and when to do them. Take the Right Classes When to start: Before freshman year Colleges will evaluate you based on the classes you’ve taken. The most selective schools want to admit students who have challenged themselves and are willing to push themselves academically. You don’t have to take every single honors and AP course that’s offered at your school, but if you want to get into a top college, you should be able to demonstrate that you can excel in some of the hardest courses that are available to you. Also, it's best to take the most difficult classes in the subjects related to your academic strengths or your intended major. You should begin thinking about whichclasses totake before your freshman year of high school. In many schools, the math or foreign language class you take during your freshman year will determine what level you’re able to reach when you’re a senior in high school. Spend ample time considering which classes to takeand whether those classes will allow you to pursue your academic interests and reach your college goals. Specifically, consider whichscience, math, history, foreign language, English, elective, and AP classes you should take. Challenging yourself makes you stronger. Get Good Grades When to start: Freshman year I think this is pretty obvious, but your grades matter to colleges. The majority of colleges will focus on your sophomore and junior year grades, but schoolswill also look at your freshman and senior year grades. Also, your high school GPA is typically calculated from your grades from all four years of high school. You should try to maintain the mentality that every semester counts, and do as well as you can each year of high school. For inspiration and useful information, check out our article on how to get a 4.0 GPA and better grades. Excel in Extracurriculars When to start: Freshman year Other than your grades and test scores, your extracurricular activities probably have the biggest influence on the quality of your college application. Colleges, especially the most selective ones, want their students to have exceptional achievements outside of the classroom, and they’re looking for individuals who use their leisure time to pursue their passions. You should participate in extracurricular activities throughout high school. Colleges prefer to see a sustained commitment to your activities; it’s more impressive to do one activity for four years and continue to show growth in that activity than it is to do four activities for one year each. Some students believe they need to be well-rounded and do a ton of extracurriculars; however, for college admissions, it may be more advantageous for you to develop a â€Å"spike† and exhibit excellence in a particular activity or field. Instead of playing every sport, writing for the school newspaper, participating in speech and debate, and joining student government, you may be better served to focus your extracurricularefforts on becoming a superstar field hockey player. Or, if you're passionate about science, you may want to spend your free time creating an award-winning project for science fair or competing in Science Olympiad. If you have multiple interests, it's perfectly acceptable to explore all of them; just keep in mind that you don't have to do every possible extracurricular to get into a great college, and, generally, reaching the highest level in a given activity requires such an incredible time commitment that you won't have time to participate in many other activities outside of school. Learn what to do if you’re struggling to find extracurriculars. Also, when you’re filling out your college applications, know how to write about your extracurriculars. Maybe the marching band is a good extracurricular for you. Image source:Utah Department of Transportation/Flickr Rock Your Standardized Tests When to start: Sophomore year Even though some colleges have minimized the importance of standardized tests in admissions, your standardized test scores are still a crucial component of your application to most colleges. I advise starting your studying for the SAT/ACT during your sophomore year. Also, you may want to take the PSAT or PreACT during your sophomore year to familiarize yourself with standardized tests. To give yourself the best chance of reaching your target score and to decrease your stress level, we recommend first taking your SAT/ACT in the fall of your junior year. If you don’t reach your target score on your first attempt, you can do more studying and retake the test in the spring of your junior year. If you achieve the score you’re hoping for by the end of your junior year, you’ll have more time duringyour senior year to focus on your schoolwork, extracurriculars, and college applications. If you’re still unsatisfied with your score at the end of your junior year, you have more time to study over the summer and retake the test in the fall. Make sure you know when is the last time you can take the SAT/ACT. Your deadline for taking the SAT/ACT is dependent upon the specific schools you apply to and whether or not you apply early. For most schools, for early decision, you have to take the SAT/ACT by October or November of your senior year, and for regular decision, you have to take the SAT/ACT by December of your senior year. However, there are a few colleges that will accept the January SAT or the February ACT. If you’re considering applying to a school that requires SAT Subject Tests, I also recommend taking those by the end of your junior year. Research Colleges When to start: Junior year Before you apply to college, you need to know which colleges to apply to. You can start learning about colleges as early as your freshman year, especially if you want to get an idea of what you need to do to be a competitive applicant, but you should actively research colleges starting in your junior year at the latest. Use college search websites, finders, guidebooks, and ranking lists to help find colleges that would be a good fit for you. You can also use college fairs and tours to gain more exposure to different colleges and get a better idea of what you’re looking for in a school. By the start of your senior year of high school, you should have a list of colleges to apply to. I recommend applying to reach schools, target schools, and at least a couple of safety schools. College Fair fun. Image source:Patrick Giblin/Flickr Get Superb Recommendations When to start: Spring of junior year Recommendations are also an important part of your college applications. Colleges want assessments from others on your abilities as a student and your character. Be aware of what constitutes a good recommendation and how to ask for a letter of recommendation. It’s best to initially ask teachers to write your recommendations in the spring of your junior year. By asking early, you’ll be able to get your teachers to agree before they become inundated with requests during your senior year, and they’ll have more time to think about what they’re going to write. Make sure you know whom to ask to write your letters. At the beginning of your senior year, you can submit formal requests for your recommendation letters. Also, for your reference, check out these recommendation letters that got a student admitted to Harvard and other Ivy League schools. Write Outstanding College Essays When to start: Summer before senior year Writing your college essays is the most challenging and time-consuming part of the actual application process. Learn everything you need to know about the college essay and how to come up with great college essay ideas.I recommend starting to work on your college essays during the summer before your senior year. The absolute latest you'd want to wait isthe beginning of your senior year, as soon as you’ve finalized thelist of colleges you’re applying to. Even though college essays aren’t particularly long, in my experience, they do take much longer than you’d anticipate, and you’re less likely to be able to write good essays if you wait until the last minute to start. Give yourself enough time to have a trusted teacher or counselor proofread your essays. And you’ll also need time to revise them. Obviously, the essays have to be completed before you submit your applications. If you’re applying early, most deadlines are in mid-November. If you’re applying regular decision, most deadlines are around January 1st. Make sure you keep track of deadlines forthe schools you’re applying to because deadlines will vary. For example, the application deadline for University of California schools is November 30th. Final Thoughts and Additional Steps For most students, the steps listed above are the major components of the college application process. However, some of you may have to do extra work depending on your situation and the colleges you apply to. For example, if you're an aspiring college athlete, you may participate in the athletic recruiting process. If you're applying to an art school or program, you may have to make an art portfolio. Also, some colleges recommend or require interviews. If you interview, know what questions to ask and prepare for. For those of you seeking financial aid, you’ll have to go through the financial aid process, and you may want to apply for scholarships. You should find out the status of earlyapplications in mid-December and regular applications by late March. Then, you may find yourself with multiple options and have to face the task ofchoosing a college. While the application process can feel overwhelming and incredibly stressful, you can minimize your stress by having a plan and avoiding procrastination. Don’t worry too much. Regardless of what you do, there’s no absolute guarantee that you’ll get into the most selective colleges, but if you try hard and follow our advice, you’ll get into a good college and develop the attributes that will enable your future success. What's Next? If you're looking for an example of what you need to do to get into the best colleges, check out this successful Harvard application. Perhaps you've heard people reference Ivy League schools, but you're not exactly sure what they are. Learn about Ivy League colleges and read our article ranking the Ivy League schools. Finally, figure out where in the country you should go to college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Timeline of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind

Timeline of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind 3000 BCE Babylonian astrologer-astronomers begin making methodical observations of the skies. 2000 BCE Babylonians develop a zodiac. 1300 BCE Chinese use of firework rockets becomes widespread. 1000 BCE Babylonians record sun/moon/planetary movements - Egyptians use sun clock. 600-400 BCE Pythagoras of Samos sets up a school. Parmenides of Elea, a student, proposes a spherical Earth made from condensed air and divided into five zones. He also sets forth ideas for stars being made of compressed fire and a finite, motionless, and spherical universe with illusory motion. 585 BCE Thales of Miletus, a Greek astronomer of the Ionian school, predicts the angular diameter of the sun. He also effectively predicts a solar eclipse, frightening Media and Lydia into negotiating for peace with the Greeks. 388-315 BCE Heraclides of Pontus explains the daily rotation of the stars by assuming that the Earth spins on its axis. He also discovers that Mercury and Venus revolve around the Sun instead of the Earth. 360 BCE Flying Pigeon (device that uses thrust) of Archytas made. 310-230 BCE Aristarchus of Samos proposes that the Earth revolves around the Sun. 276-196 BCE Eratosthenes, a Greek astronomer, measures the circumference of the Earth. He also finds the differences between planets and stars and prepares a star catalog. 250 BCE Herons aeolipile, which used steam power, was made. 150 BCE Hipparchus of Nicaea tries to measure the size of the sun and the moon. He also works on a theory to explain planetary motion and composes a star catalog with 850 entries. 46-120 AD - Plutarch sets forth in his De facie in orbe lunae (On the Face of the Moons Disk) 70 AD, that the moon is a small Earth inhabited by intelligent beings. He also puts forth theories that lunar markings are due to defects in our eyes, reflections from the Earth, or deep ravines filled with water or dark air. 127-141 AD Ptolomy publishes Almagest (aka Megiste Syntaxis-Great Collection), which states that the Earth is a central globe, with the universe revolving around it. 150 AD Lucian of Samosatas True History is published, the first science fiction story about Moon voyages. He also later does Icaromenippus, another moon-voyage story. 800 AD Baghdad becomes the astronomical study center of the world. 1010 AD The Persian poet Firdaus publishes a 60,000-verse epic poem, Sh_h-N_ma, about cosmic travel. 1232 AD Rockets ( arrows of flying fire) used at the siege of Kai-fung-fu. 1271 AD Robert Anglicus attempts to document surface and weather conditions on planets. 1380 AD T. Przypkowski studies rocketry. 1395-1405 AD Konrad Kyeser von Eichstdt produces Bellifortis, describing many military rockets. 1405 AD - Von Eichstdt writes about sky-rockets. 1420 AD - Fontana designs various rockets. 1543 AD - Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs), reviving Aristarchus heliocentric theory. 1546-1601 AD - Tycho Brahe measures positions of stars and planets. Supports heliocentric theory. 1564-1642 AD - Galileo Galilei first uses the telescope to observe the skies. Discovers sunspots, four major satellites on Jupiter (1610), and Venus phases. Defends Copernican theory in Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World), 1632. 1571-1630 AD - Johannes Kepler derives the three great laws of planetary motion: planetary orbits are ellipses with the sun as one focus of the directly related to its distance from the Sun. Findings were published in Astronomia nova (New Astronomy), 1609, and De harmonice mundi (On the Harmony of the World), 1619. 1591 AD - Von Schmidlap writes a book about non-military rockets. Proposes rockets stabilized by sticks and rockets mounted on rockets for extra power. 1608 AD - Telescopes invented. 1628 AD - Mao Yuan-I makes the Wu Pei Chih, describing gunpowder and rocket manufacture and use. 1634 AD - Posthumous publication of Keplers Somnium (Dream), a science fiction entry defending heliocentrism. 1638 AD - Posthumous publication of Francis Goodwins The Man in the Moon: or a Discourse of Voyage Thither. It puts forth the theory that the attraction from the Earth is greater than that from the moon Publication of John Wilkins Discovery of a New World a discourse about life on other planets. 1642-1727 AD - Isaac Newton  synthesizes recent astronomical discoveries through universal gravitation in his famed, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), 1687. 1649, 1652 AD - Cyranos reference to fire-crackers in his novels, Voyage dans la Lune (Voyage to the Moon) and Histoire des États etc Empires du Soleil (History of the States and Empires of the Sun). Both refer to the newest scientific theories. 1668 AD - Rocket experiments near Berlin by the German colonel, Christoph von Geissler. 1672 AD - Cassini, an Italian astronomer, predicts the distance between Earth and Sun to be 86,000,000 miles. 1686 AD - Bernard de Fontenelles popular astronomy book, Entretiens sur la Pluralità © des Mondes (Discourses on the Plurality of Worlds) published. Contained speculations about the habitability of the planets. 1690 AD - Gabriel Daniels Voiage du Monde de Descartes (Voyage to the World of Descartes) discusses the souls separation from the body in order to go to the Globe of the Moon. 1698 AD - Christian Huygens, renowned scientist, writes Cosmotheoros, or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds, a non-fictional premise on life on other planets. 1703 AD - David Russens Iter Lunare: or Voyage to the Moon uses the idea of catapulting to the moon. 1705 AD - Daniel Defoes The Consolidator tells of an ancient races mastery of Lunar flight and describes various spaceships and legends of lunar flights. 1752 AD - Voltaires Micromà ©gas describes a race of people on the star Sirius. 1758 AD - Emanuel Swedenborg writes Earths in our Solar System, which takes Christian Huygens non-fictional approach to discussing life on other planets. 1775 AD - Louis Folie writes Le Philosophe Sans Prà ©tention, about a Mercurian who observes Earthlings. 1781 AD - March 13:  William Herschel  makes his own  telescope  and discovers Uranus. He also puts forth theories of a habitable sun and life on other planetary bodies. Hyder Ali of India uses rockets against the British (were composed of heavy metal tubes guided by bamboo and had a range of a mile). 1783 AD - First  manned balloon  flight made. 1792-1799 AD - Further use of military rockets against the British in India. 1799-1825 AD - Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace, produces a five-volume work to describe the Newtonian system of the world, entitled Celestial Mechanics. 1800 - British Admiral  Sir William Congreve  began working with rockets for military purposes in England. He had originally adapted the idea from Indian rockets. 1801 AD - Rocket experiments carried out by the scientist,  Congreve. Astronomers discover that the large gap between Mars and Jupiter contains a large asteroid belt. The largest, Ceres, was found to have a diameter of 480 miles. 1806 - Claude Ruggiere launched small animals in rockets equipped with parachutes, in France. 1806 AD - First major rocket bombardment done (on Boulogne, using Congreve rockets). 1807 AD - William Congreve  used his rockets in the  Napoleonic Wars, as the British attacked Copenhagen and Denmark. 1812 AD - British rocket fire on Blasdenburg. Results in the taking of Washington D.C. and the White House. 1813 AD - British Rocket Corps formed. Begin by taking action in Leipzig. 1814 AD - August 9: British rocket fire on Fort McHenry prompts Francis Scott Key to write the rockets red glare line in his famous poem. During the War of Independence, the British used the  Congreve rockets  to attack  Fort McHenry  in Baltimore. 1817 - In St. Petersburg, Russian Zasyadko rockets were fired. 1825 AD - Dutch forces bomb the Celebes tribe in the East Indies  William Hale  develops the stickless rocket. 1826 AD - Congreve performs further rocket experiments using stage rockets (rockets mounted on rockets) as set out by Von Schmidlap. 1827 AD - George Tucker, under the pseudonym Joseph Atterlay, represents a new wave in science fiction, through describing a spaceship in A Voyage to the Moon with some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy of the People of Morosofia and other Lunarians. 1828 - Russian Zasyadko rockets were put to use in the Russo Turkish War. 1835 AD - Edgar Allen Poe describes a lunar voyage in a balloon in Lunar Discoveries, Extraordinary Aerial Voyage by Baron Hans Pfaall. August 25: Richard Adams Locke publishes his Moon Hoax. He publishes a week-long serial in the New York Sun, as if written by Sir John Herschel, discoverer of Uranus, about moon creatures. This was under the title, Great Astronomical Discoveries Lately Made By Sir John Herschel. 1837 AD - Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Mdler publish a map of the moon using the telescope at Beers observatory. 1841 - C. Golightly was granted the first  patent  in England for a rocket-airplane. 1846 AD - Urbain Leverrier discovers Neptune. 1865 Jules Verne published his novel, entitled From the Earth to the Moon. 1883 Tsiolkovskys Free Space was published by Tsiolkovsky who describes a rocket that functioned in a vacuum under Newtons Action-Reaction laws of motion. 1895 Tsiolkovsky published a book on space exploration which was entitled Dreams of the Earth and the Sky. 1901 H.G. Wells published his book, The First Man in the Moon, in which a substance with anti-gravity properties launched men to the moon. 1903 Tsiolkovsky produced a work entitled Exploring Space with Devices. Within, he discussed the applications of liquid propellants. 1909 Robert Goddard, in his study of fuels, determined that liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen would serve as an efficient source of propulsion, when properly combusted. 1911 Russian Gorochof published plans for a reaction airplane which operated on crude oil and compressed air for fuel. 1914 Robert Goddard  was granted two U.S. patents for rockets using solid fuel, liquid fuel, multiple propellant charges, and multi-stage designs. 1918 November 6-7, Goddard fired several rocket devices for representatives of the U.S. Signal Corps, Air Corps, Army ordinance and other assorted guests, at the Aberdeen proving grounds. 1919 Robert Goddard  wrote, and then submitted A Method of Attaining Extreme Altitudes, to the Smithsonian Institution for publication. 1923 Herman Oberth published The Rocket into Interplanetary Space in Germany creating discussion on the technology of rocket propulsion. 1924 Tsiolkovsky conceived the idea of multi-stage rockets, and discussed them for the first time in Cosmic Rocket Trains. A Central Committee for the Study of Rocket Propulsion was established in the Soviet Union, in April. 1925 The Attainability of Celestial Bodies, by Walter Hohmann, described the principles involved in interplanetary flight. 1926 March 16:  Robert Goddard  tested the worlds first successful  liquid-fueled rocket, in Auburn, Massachusetts. It attained a height of 41 feet in 2.5 seconds, and it came to rest 184 feet from the launch pad. 1927 Enthusiasts in Germany formed the Society for Space Travel. Hermann Oberth was among the first several members to join. Die Rakete, a rocket publication, began in Germany. 1928 The first of nine volumes of an encyclopedia on interplanetary travel was published by Russian Professor Nikolai Rynin. In April, the first manned, rocket-powered, automobile was tested by Fritz von Opel, Max Valier and others, in Berlin, Germany. In June, the first manned flight in a rocket-powered glider was achieved. Friedrich Stamer was the pilot, and flew about one mile. Launch was achieved by an elastic launch rope and a 44 pound thrust rocket, then a second rocket fired while airborne. Hermann Oberth began acting as consultant to Film Director Fritz Langs Girl in the Moon and built a rocket for premiere publicity. The rocket exploded on the launch pad. 1929 Hermann Oberth published his second book about space travel, and one chapter included the idea of an electric space ship. On July 17, Robert Goddard launched a small 11 ft. rocket which carried a small camera, barometer and thermometer which were recovered after the flight. In August, many small  solid-propellant  rockets were attached to Junkers-33 seaplane, and were used to achieve the first recorded jet-assisted airplane take-off. 1930 In April, The American Rocket Society was founded in New York City by David Lasser, G. Edward Pendray, and ten others for the purpose of promoting interest in space travel. December 17th marked the establishment of a rocket program Kummersdorf. It was also decided that the Kummersdorf proving grounds would be equipped to develop military missiles. On December 30th,  Robert Goddard  fired an 11 foot  liquid fueled rocket, to a height of 2000 feet at a speed of 500 miles per hour. The launch took place near Roswell New Mexico. 1931 In Austria, Friedrich Schmiedl fired the worlds first mail carrying  rocket. David Lassers book, The Conquest of Space, was published in the United States. May 14: VfR successfully launched a  liquid-fueled rocket  to a height of 60 meters. 1932 Von Braun  and his colleagues demonstrated a  liquid fueled  rocket to the German Army. It crashed before the parachute opened, but  Von Braun  was soon employed to develop liquid fueled rockets for the Army. On April 19th, the first  Goddard  rocket with gyroscopically controlled vanes was fired. The vanes gave it automatically stabilized flight. In November, at Stockton N.J., the American Interplanetary Society tested a rocket design that they had adapted from the German Society for Space Travels designs. 1933 The Soviets launched a new rocket fueled by  solid  and  liquid  fuels, which reached a height of 400 meters. The launch took place near Moscow. At Stanten Island, New York, the American Interplanetary Society launched its No. 2 rocket, and watched it attain 250 feet in altitude in 2 seconds. 1934 In December,  Von Braun  and his associates launched 2 A-2 rockets, both to heights of 1.5 miles. 1935 The Russians fired a  liquid, powered rocket that achieved a height of over eight miles. In March, a rocket of Robert Goddards exceeded the speed of sound. In May,  Goddard  launched one of his gyro-controlled rockets to a height of 7500 feet, in New Mexico. 1936 Scientists from the California Institute of Technology began rocket testing near Pasadena, CA. This marked the beginning of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Smithsonian Institution printed  Robert Goddards  famous report,   Liquid  Propellant Rocket Development, in March. 1937 Von Braun  and his team relocated to a special, purpose-built rocket testing facility at Peenemunde on the Baltic Coast of Germany. Russia established rocket test centers in Leningrad, Moscow and Kazan. Goddard watched one of his rockets fly to higher than 9,000 feet, on March 27. This was the highest altitude attained by any of the  Goddard Rockets. 1938 Goddard  began to develop high speed fuel pumps, in order to better outfit  liquid fueled  rockets. 1939 German scientists fired, and recovered, A-5 rockets with gyroscopic controls that attained seven miles altitude and eleven miles range. 1940 The Royal Air Force used rockets against the Luftwaffe planes in the Battle of Britain. 1941 In July, the first U.S. based launch of a rocket assisted airplane took place. Lt. Homer A. Boushey piloted the craft. The U.S. Navy began developing Mousetrap, which was a ship-based 7.2 inch mortar-fired bomb. 1942 The U.S. Air Force launched its first air-to-air and air-to-surface rockets. After a failed attempt in June, Germans managed to successfully launch an  A-4  (V2) rocket, in October. It traveled 120 miles downrange from the launch pad. 1944 January 1st marked the beginning of long-range rocket development, by the California Institute of Technology. This testing resulted in the Private-A and Corporal rockets. In September, the first fully operational  V2 rocket  was launched against London, from Germany. Over a thousand V2s followed. Between the 1st and 16th of December, twenty four Private-A rockets were test fired at Camp Irwin, CA. 1945 Germany successfully launched the A-9, a winged prototype of the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, which was designed to reach North America. It reached almost 50 miles in altitude, and achieved a speed of 2,700 mph. The launch was executed on January 24th. In February, the Secretary of War approved the Armys plans to establish the White Sands Proving Grounds, for testing new rockets. On April 1st through 13th, seventeen rounds of Private-F rockets were fired at Hueco Ranch, Texas. On May 5th, Peenemunde was captured by the Red army, but the facilities there were mostly destroyed by the personnel. Von Braun  was captured by the U.S. and relocated to the White Sands proving ground in New Mexico. He was made part of Operation Paperclip. May 8th marked the end of the war in Europe. At the time of the German collapse, more than 20,000 V-1s and V-2s had been fired. Components of approximately 100 V-2 rockets arrived at the White Sands Testing Grounds, in August. On August 10,  Robert Goddard  died due to cancer. He died at the University of Maryland Hospital in Baltimore. In October, the U.S. Army established its first Guided Missile Battalion, with the Army Guard Forces. The Secretary Of War approved plans to bring top German rocket engineers to the U.S., in order to further knowledge and technology. Fifty five German scientists arrived at Fort Bliss and White Sands Proving Grounds, in December. 1946 In January, the U.S. outer space research program was started with captured  V-2 rockets. A V-2 panel of representatives of interested agencies was formed, and more than 60 rockets were fired before the supply was finally exhausted. On March 15, the first American built V-2 rocket was static-fired at the White Sands Proving Grounds. The first American-built rocket to leave the earths atmosphere (the WAC) was launched on March 22nd. It was launched from White Sands, and attained 50 miles of altitude. The U.S. Army began a program to develop two stage rockets. This resulted in the WAC Corporal as the 2nd stage of a  V-2. On October 24th, a V-2 with a motion picture camera was launched. It recorded images from 65 miles above the earth, covering 40,000 square miles. On December 17th, the first night-flight of a V-2 occurred. It achieved a record making 116 miles of altitude, and velocity of 3600 mph. German rocket engineers arrived in Russia to begin work with Soviet rocket research groups. Sergei Korolev built rockets using technology from the  V-2. 1947 The Russians began launch tests of their  V-2 rockets, at Kapustin Yar. Telemetry was successfully used for the first time in a V-2, launched from White Sands. On February 20th, the first of a series of rockets was launched for the purpose of testing ejection canister effectivity. On May 29, a modified V-2 landed 1.5 miles south of Juarez, Mexico, narrowly missing a large ammunition dump. The first V-2 to be launched from a ship was launched from the deck of the U.S.S. Midway, on September 6th. 1948 On May 13th, the first two-stage rocket launched in the Western Hemisphere was launched from the White Sands facility. It was a  V-2  which had been converted to include a WAC-Corporal upper stage. It reached a total altitude of 79 miles. White Sands launched the first in a series of rockets that contained live animals, on June 11. The launches were named Albert, after the monkey that rode in the first rocket. Albert died of suffocation in the rocket. Several monkeys and mice were killed in the experiments. On June 26, two rockets, a  V-2  and an Aerobee were launched from White Sands. The V-2 attained 60.3 miles, while the Aerobee attained 70 miles altitude. 1949 A number 5 two-stage rocket was launched to 244 miles of altitude, and 5,510 mph velocity over White Sands. It set a new record for the time-being, on February 24. On May 11,  President Truman  signed a bill for a 5,000 mile test range to extend from Cape Kennedy Florida. The Secretary of the Army approved the relocation of the White Sands scientists and their equipment to Huntsville, Alabama. 1950 On July 24th, the first rocket launch from Cape Kennedy was a number 8 of the two-stage rockets. It climbed to a total of 25 miles in altitude. A number 7 two-stage rocket was launched from Cape Kennedy. It set the record for the fastest moving man-made object, by traveling Mach 9. 1951 The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California launched the first of a series of 3,544 Loki rockets, on June 22. The program ended 4 years later, after having fired the most rounds in ten years at White Sands. On August 7, a Navy Viking 7 rocket set the new altitude record for single stage rockets by reaching 136 miles and a speed of 4,100 mph. The launch of the 26th V-2, on October 29, concluded the use of the German rockets in upper atmosphere testing. 1952 On July 22, the first production-line Nike rocket made a successful flight. 1953 A missile was fired from an underground launch facility in White Sands on June 5. The facility was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers. The first launch of the Armys Redstone missile, on August 20th, was conducted at Cape Kennedy by Redstone Arsenal Personnel. 1954 On August 17th, the first firing of a Lacrosse Group A  missile  was conducted at the White Sands facility. 1955 The White House announced, on July 29th, that President Eisenhower approved plans to launch unmanned satellites to circle the earth, as participation in the  International Geophysical Year. The Russians soon made similar announcements. On November 1st, the first guided missile equipped cruiser was placed in commission at the Philadelphia Naval Yard. On November 8th, the Secretary of Defense approved the  Jupiter  and Thor Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) programs. President Eisenhower placed highest priority on Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and the Thor and Jupiter IRBM programs on December 1st.

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women It is never easy to be a woman in a male-dominated industry, particularly one that is also dangerous and isolated, like trucking. Over at the Roadmaster’s Driving School Blog, Ellen Voie is raising awareness for Women in Trucking (WIT), an organization formed in 2007 by women drivers seeking to support and aid one another. As minorities in the industry, women still face more safety concerns and logistics issues than male truckers. Women in Trucking provides self-defense presentations, secures association discounts with partners, and lobbies for loading docks and truck stops to provide more women-friendly amenities like bathrooms and personal hygiene products. Most importantly, WIT confronts the ingrained sexist attitudes that seek to deter women from entering the industry at all.To celebrate women in leadership roles, WIT also holds an annual â€Å"Influential Women in Trucking† event, sponsored by Navistar, and an annual â€Å"Salute to Women Behind the Wheel† e vent each March. They also feature guest bloggers monthly to share the personal stories of drivers across the country.Currently, 16% of WIT’s membership is comprised of men who want to show their support for female drivers, so whether you’re a man or a woman, consider joining Women in Trucking to demonstrate your commitment to leveling the playing field and welcoming new drivers with professional courtesy and respect.Check them out online at  womenintrucking.org.

Adolf Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Ideology Essay

Adolf Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Ideology - Essay Example Anti-Semitism and the idea of white supremacy were not new ideas in the 1920s and 1930s. Hitler’s tortuous ideology about a superior â€Å"Aryan† race in need of living space and liberation from corrupting non-Aryan, i.e. Jewish, influences tapped into ideas that had been around for many decades, if not centuries. The German nation felt a sense of disillusionment and betrayal after losing the 1914-18 War and was looking for a reason why their soldiers had failed to win the war. The ruling elite of the old German Empire had largely survived into the years of the Weimar Republic and therefore they were not held in great respect by the German people. Hitler’s theories of a betrayed superior race, facing a common enemy in the â€Å"Jew†, tapped into that feeling of betrayal and made sense to many disillusioned and impoverished Germans, often from the lower middle classes. Hitler’s attempt to overthrow the government of the Weimar Republic in 1923 – an act of treason – therefore did not damage him in the eyes of many Germans but added to his credibility and hero status. Germans were in desperate need of a leader figure – a fà ¼hrer – and Hitler’s charismatic approach made sense to the masses who were not looking for intellectual debates but seemingly longed for explanations why their once great nation was at its knees. A scapegoat for all evils was needed and found in the â€Å"Jew†. Germany’s old ruling (then still often identical with aristocratic) classes looked upon Hitler and his organizations of brown shirts (SA) and SS and the party wing, the NSDAP, with disdain and the belief that they would be able to contain and control them.

The Transformation of the Social Sphere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Transformation of the Social Sphere - Essay Example It also kept the general population informed on current affairs, helped the educational system and provided literature to entertain the people. The next biggest invention that impacted mass media was the radio. The radio united humans by adding the cognitive element of being  able to hear additional communicative elements such as vocal inflexion as information travelled through radio waves into peoples’ homes. This influence was itself rendered nearly obsolete with the invention of film and television. The latest medium that surged at the end of the 20th century to rival the influence of the television has been the introduction of the desktop computer and widespread access to the internet. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect the mass media had on the temporal and spatial foundation of the social sphere. It is helpful to start with a common conception of what is meant when referring to the spatial and temporal foundations of the social sphere. The spatial dimension refers to the physical space that separates humans in different parts of the world in terms of geographical location. â€Å"Spatial structure is now seen not merely as an arena in which social life unfolds, but rather as a medium in which social relations are produced and reproduced† (Pries, 2002, p. 2), such as the virtual spaces of the television and the computer screen. Mass media also extends the space of experience because it provides a greater accessibility to a variety of information and places (Carpignano, 1997). In addition, it can bridge the gap between spatial linguistic barriers such as those that exist within the People’s Republic of China, where regional dialects prevent oral communication between regions. Because all literate Chinese share a similar written language, though, mass media enables these regions of China to communicate. Mass media has changed the way people have perceived the world for the last 500 years.   It has impacted the behaviour of human beings through technological advances such as the television by altering their daily patterns of activity and the established means of communicating important cultural values and ideas among members of a society.   However, with new technologies, some of the necessary interaction may return to these cultural interactions as they become more ‘real-time’ and enable individuals to not only hear the vocal inflexions of the individual they are speaking with but also visualize their facial features and other symbols of a physical presence through the virtual medium of the video screen.

Answering Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Answering Questions - Essay Example d activities are focused on is the construction of its social infrastructure, which proves their substantial degree of uncomplicatedness, and willingness to restrain from persecution; therefore, long-term survival. In most Arab countries, the brotherhood has integrated into political institutions. In the western countries, it has established itself in local Muslim communities by setting up Mosques, banks, Islam facilities, and educational and social institutions (MAITIC 6-8). Contemporary Shiites have a common form of Shi’ism that they adhere to; Twelver Shi’ism or the Imami. This belief is from the origins of Shi’ism which believed in the fundamental teaching that the Muslim Community’s rightful rulers were from a series of twelve Imams. This began with Ali ibn Abu Talib. This belief is continued to date. Shi’ism has continued to become the function of Iran’s politics based on the above ideology. Shi’ism has, however, discontinued in some of its institutions and traditions, as they are changed and determined by descendants who may not have what it takes to run the institutions, and guide the traditions properly (Fradkin). Earlier jihadist groups fought to conquer specific regions for both material and religious reaons. Jihadist groups fought to protect, to revenge, and to gain material wealth. They struggled to protect Islam, and against those who did not believe in Islamic God. Al Qaida also struggles against those who do not believe in Islamic God, but through a different way. Al Qaida are terrorists, and fight to achieve their aim through terror attacks. Earlier jihadists involved themselves in battles. The difference is in the ideology of battle and methods of struggles (Rabasa et al 9). Both the Sunni Islamist and Shia Islamists understanding of Jihad is the same. Both groups of Islamists consider Jihad as a holy war. Sunni Islamists believe that they should wage a holy war against the Shia Islamists who give honor to Mohammad’s descendants

Global South (South Africa) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global South (South Africa) - Essay Example History of South Africa Colonisation The term ‘Colonialism’ is referred to a practice of domination that entails the subjugation of one group of people to another. It also refers to political and economic control over the dependent territory (Stanford University, 2006). According to McMichael, colonialism is the subjugation by psychological and physical strength of one culture by a colonising control through the means of military conquest of territory or areas and abolition of native people and their cultures (University of Kentucky, 2009). The essay looks at various aspects of South Africa from the point of view of international studies. The study will cover the history of colonisation of South Africa along with political system, demographics of South Africa. Development of South Africa along with the various conflicts that the country has seen will be observed in the essay. The British had colonised South Africa due to their trade interests, strategic ports and the rou tes towards their Asian colonies i.e. to fulfill their political objectives. The effect of colonisation was seen in early 1870s and in the year 1875, Cape of South Africa was colonised (Brownfield, 2011). The colonisation of South Africa by the British people was for the motive of capturing ports routes that they could use for their trade purpose. The other reason was the supply of labour and resources which assisted the British economy to grow. Prior to the colonial power of the British over South Africa, the Dutch had colonised the area. In the year 1652 the Dutch first colonised South Africa and in the same year the legal system was implemented. In 1488, the Dutch people first reached South Africa and colonisation began in 1652. The Dutch East India Company appointed Jan Van Riebeeck to establish a station in the Cape of Good Hope which was established but later found problems. They then colonised the area for their benefit. The Dutch defeated the Xhosa tribe and took control ove r them in the first war. Later another war was fought between them and this resulted in Dutch losing its control over them and then the British took over the control. In the year 1806, the British took over the control from the Dutch in Cape of Good Hope (Drumstruck, n.d.). Even after the Zulu War and two Anglo-Boer wars, the colony was under the British rule. The African National Congress was created in 1912 and they came into power in 1994 when the first elections were held (US Department of States, 2010). Independence from the British rule was achieved in the year 1910. But still there were elections that were controlled by the British people. In the year 1990, Nelson Mandela was released and there was first democratic election in April 1994 under the constitution of South Africa (Michigan State University, 2011). The process of decolonisation takes place when former colonies and non-self governing territories become the self-governing state (Garoupa & Gata, 2000). The decolonisa tion process of South Africa was primarily based upon the methods of the British government that transferred the power in order to maintain stable democracies. There were several controversies in the decolonisation process. However, the transfer of the power to the national party of South Africa made the process quicker and thereby resulting in the end of the colonial rule (Verstraelen, 2002). Political System South Africa, when gained its

Business Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Statistics - Essay Example ategy refers to an operation that an organization conducts to converse information concerning services and products to potential customers in order to induce them to purchase such products (Tellis 1). In contemporary organizations, the main aim of advertising strategy is to increase awareness of organizations’ services and products, upsurge total customers and competitors and finally, to fosters the business image of an organization. For any business entity interested in succeeding, advertisement is very vital because through it, an organization is capable of getting new customers as it increases its total consumer base. Secondly, advertisement is important as it retains the organizations’ customers thus avoiding their diversion to other products. Thirdly, advertisement escalates the total company sales because when a company advertises definite commodity, it will explain to individuals why that commodity is better than its substitute hence enhancing many people to prefer their commodity. Finally, advertisement leads to fortunate change in a company’s’ products hence increasing its total sales (Tellis 3). I decided to analyze the importance of advertis ing to an organization since it will help me understand whether increasing the budgets assigned to advertising has any positive effect on the performance of the organization. My business research will entail ten business organizations in U.S that advertise their goods and services together with other ten business organizations that do not advertise their products. I will conduct random sampling from a list of both organizations that advertise their products and those that do not. I will select ten organizations from each list and collect information concerning my research questions from these organizations before concluding on my hypothesis. Therefore, the total sample for this research is twenty organizations. The data collected will be mainly related to the three research hypotheses that the research is

Low Self Esteem and Luxury Marketing (Apples iPhone as a Luxury Dissertation

Low Self Esteem and Luxury Marketing (Apples iPhone as a Luxury Product) - Dissertation Example Brands like Louis Vuitton, Cartier, and Gucci have started investing in their marketing campaigns. While old brands continue to lead the market, new luxury brands have also emerged. One such luxury product includes Apple’s iPhone. The definition of luxury has been presented by many researches and books and these have been drawn mainly through the consumers’ perception of luxury. Luxury has been known to impact the consumers through different ways. Luxury is loosely referred to products that are priced high, have a high perceived quality and provide an exceptional experience of the consumers. Products such as the iPhone redefine the concept of luxury to a certain extent. Such products are not always targeted to the rich and affluent class but also to those consumers who wish to improve upon their self-esteem by buying luxury products. Therefore, a correlation is observed between low self-esteem and luxury products. Significance of the Study As the global market is being revived after the long global recession that struck the world in 2007, demand for luxury goods is on the increase. This means that marketers around the world have to focus their attention back to marketing luxury goods. As the concept of luxury is being continuously redefined, luxury has been categorized into old luxury and new luxury. In the study, the aim is to evaluate the impact of self-esteem on the buying decisions of consumers

Business Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Statistics - Essay Example ategy refers to an operation that an organization conducts to converse information concerning services and products to potential customers in order to induce them to purchase such products (Tellis 1). In contemporary organizations, the main aim of advertising strategy is to increase awareness of organizations’ services and products, upsurge total customers and competitors and finally, to fosters the business image of an organization. For any business entity interested in succeeding, advertisement is very vital because through it, an organization is capable of getting new customers as it increases its total consumer base. Secondly, advertisement is important as it retains the organizations’ customers thus avoiding their diversion to other products. Thirdly, advertisement escalates the total company sales because when a company advertises definite commodity, it will explain to individuals why that commodity is better than its substitute hence enhancing many people to prefer their commodity. Finally, advertisement leads to fortunate change in a company’s’ products hence increasing its total sales (Tellis 3). I decided to analyze the importance of advertis ing to an organization since it will help me understand whether increasing the budgets assigned to advertising has any positive effect on the performance of the organization. My business research will entail ten business organizations in U.S that advertise their goods and services together with other ten business organizations that do not advertise their products. I will conduct random sampling from a list of both organizations that advertise their products and those that do not. I will select ten organizations from each list and collect information concerning my research questions from these organizations before concluding on my hypothesis. Therefore, the total sample for this research is twenty organizations. The data collected will be mainly related to the three research hypotheses that the research is

Dissent from Puritanism Essay Example for Free

Dissent from Puritanism Essay During the early part of English colonization of the Americas the main group of people that were sent to the Americas was religious and political outcasts. This included Puritans, Quakers many other religions, debtors and political dissidents. The Puritans and Quakers came to the Americas in search of political freedom. The Puritans settled in the northeast region of the United States mainly in modern day Massachusetts. During their long nearly 4 month Journey across the Atlantic Ocean the boat goers grew close to each other because of the treacherous voyage. This caused theses people to group together and form towns with government based on their religion, Puritanism. Puritanism was one of the driving forces behind the formation of early successful northeastern towns and colonies in America. Many people who immigrated to the northeastern English colonies of the Americas had a strong dislike for Puritanism. Many believed the religion was too archaic in its beliefs and ways of life. Because of the animosity of non-puritans towards puritans and vice versa this caused the two peoples to form separate ettlements and very distinct cultures. Due to the differences in the cultures and the increase of immigration to New England the new settlers had to find new geographically suitable locations to start new settlements, therefore fully populating the entire New England colony. This gave New England a wide variety of culture, goods, natural resources and the capability to export large amounts of goods to the mother country for a profit. The non-puritans had settlements more based on economic ethics and systems that would financially help the settlement. Puritans had ettlements with more theocratic governments and more devotion to their religion. Although the governments of the two cultures were somewhat different they were also similar in many ways as well. Both governments were democratic. The puritans had a direct form of democracy where only white male land owners could vote. The problem with this is that once the colony started to fill it became harder and harder for young white men to find a piece of land suitable to settle on and start their families. With no land they had no say in their government as well. This drove many young Puritan Men to leave their theocratic settlements to seek other settlements where land owning was not necessary to have a say in government. This allowed puritans and non-puritans to culturally diffuse and further enrich the culture of New England. The non-puritan settlements had a representative or indirect form of democracy. These settlements followed a more English form of government. They also were mostly follows of the Anglican Church (the most common religion in England at the time). Because of the religious diversity in early New England and the abundance of natural resources (mostly large amounts of lumber) the colony was able to thrive. The religious acrimony between the puritans and non-puritans actually helped the English colony of New England reach its full economic potential by spreading out the population of the settlers. Many factors contributed to the formation of New England, but The objection of Puritanism and Puritanism itself was the paramount reason that New England did as well as it did and as early as it did. Dissent from Puritanism By halpin19

Characteristics of a good database design

Characteristics of a good database design 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to mainly discuss about characteristics of a good database design and a quality design. Main reasons behind writing this report is as part of implementation of Stanwell parish plan the need for a database application was identified by several committees. Our committee is responsible for the design a database for record the runners participated on the annual Fell race. The new broadband internet access facility is helpful in creating these new facilities. A database can be identified as a set of records or files which are logically related. Computer based databases are normally organised as one or multiple number of tables. A table consists of series of rows and columns. Relational model is a powerful and commonly used method for organising data. The table design of the database reflects the quality of the database. The principles of normalization need to be considered always when designing a effective database. Objectives of normalization are follows. Minimising data redundancy Minimising data restructuring Minimising I/O by redesign transaction sizes Enforcing referencing integrity. When designing an effective database following techniques and concepts are important to consider. Identifying an entity as a logical collection of items related to the stated database. And an attribute is a descriptive or quantitative characteristic of the entity. The physical counterpart of the entity is a database table and the physical counterpart of the attribute is the column. Primary key is identified as an attribute which identifies each instance of an entity uniquely. The logical link between two entities is the relationship. When the primary key of a parent entity exists in a child entity, it is called as a foreign key. There are two types of relationships, Identifying and non Identifying. Identifying relationships are when primary key of the parent entity exists in the primary key of the child entity. In non identifying relationships primary key of the parent key exists in the child entity but not as a part of primary key of the child entity. To understand the nature of the relationship between the parent and child entities, cardinality is helpful. Four types of cardinalities are  § 1 to 0 or more  § 1 to 1 or more  § 1 to 0 or 1  § 1 to many In designing a correct database ER, EER and Use Case are really useful modelling tools. 2. Importance of data modelling Data model is a very useful tool in communicating between developers and users of a database. It is also helpful in identifying design issues and other problems before starting the actual design process. A data model is like a blueprint of a newly constructing building. Builders will newer start building a large construction without a proper blueprint. Even though changes are made during the developing process, the basic foundation remains the same. Importance of ER diagrams in the design ER diagrams falls into a category of data modelling.ER diagrams show entities in a database and relationships between tables. This graphical representation helps to understand how the database works with the interactions and dataflow. No matter how large or small the database is, the concepts of entity and relationship are the same. ER diagrams have 3 basic components. Entities Attributes Relationships For an example, in the Fell Race database, Race can be identified as an entity and year of the Race can be identified as an attribute. An entity corresponds to a table of the database and attributes corresponds to the columns of that particular table. Most common errors that can happen when designing an ER diagram can be stated as, Missing constrains Missing keys to any entity type Unexpressed constrains due to bad design Associating attributes with wrong entry types Putting invalid constrains Misuse of subclasses Using foreign keys instead of relationships EER Diagrams in modelling EER diagrams are also a similar kind of tool to ER diagrams except for some little differences. It is identified as enhanced model of ER diagrams. EER = ER + hierarchical relationships Hierarchical relationship means relationship between Super class and subclass, the IS A relationship. The next step is transferring the ER diagram or EER diagram into well structured relations. A relational table is made up of one or more data tables or relations. The mapping should be done in a way to avoid data duplication. This is called data redundancy. Data redundancy can become a problem for several reasons. Entering same data over and over again is a waste of time. Data redundancy increases the probability of occurring errors Errors can occur when retrieving data. Disk space is wasted. Affect the performance of the overall system When updating, deleting data, multiple rows should be considered. Normalization is the process used to avoid data redundancy. Importance of Use Case diagrams in the design Use cases are used in the analysis stage of the design process. Main target of drawing a use case is to identify the system functionality. Use cases separate the system into use cases and actors. Use cases represent the integration of actors and the system. An actor is defined as a thing with behaviour. An actor could be a person or another system. According to the Fell Race system actor can be someone who uses the system to enter data (user). 3. Importance of a good database design Mainly a good, effective database design helps the development team to reduce the costs and time taken for the overall development. By creating a good data model and following the correct process, helps the development team to understand user requirements clearly and accurately. 4. Is a correct database design necessarily a quality design? The answer is no. A correct database design is not always a quality design. But a quality design should always be a correct design. In a quality design, instead of putting data over multiple files, data is stored in a single logical unit. This reduces the duplication of data. The non duplication of data helps to maintain data integrity. Also a quality design is helpful in maintain the security of data. Data can be managed properly trough a quality database design. Finally a quality design is a design that helps to increase the performance of the database. A correct database design would work, but a quality design will help increase the performance of the database. 5. Conclusion An affective and quality database design helps the development team to reduce time and the overall cost of the system development process. By taking a correct approach to database design helps the team to understand the user requirements correctly and deliver a system the user desires. A good database design will also help increase the overall performance of the system. References Mike gahan.2000.An introduction to databases.[online](updated 10 October 2000) Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/manual/node1.html [Accessed 10 January 2010]. SQLTeam.com.2000.Database design and modelling fundamentals.[online](updated 30 June 2000) Available at : http://www.sqlteam.com/article/database-design-and-modeling-fundamentals [Accessed 10 January 2010]. Farrkoh Alemi.2007.healthcare databases.[online](updated 27 November 2007) Available at : http://gunston.gmu.edu/709/DataModelingERDiagram.asp [Accessed 12 January 2010] Development cycles.2004.Entity Relationship Modeling-Experience vs InExperience.[online](updated 05 April 2004) Available at : http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/Development-Cycles/Entity-Relationship-Modeling/13/ [Accessed 12 January 2010] Veda c storey. Modelling quality requirements in conceptual database design.[e-book] Available at : http://web.mit.edu/tdqm/www/tdqmpub/QEROct98.pdf [Accessed 12 January 2010] John A. Hoxmeier.1997.A framework for accessing database quality.[online]Available at : http://osm7.cs.byu.edu/ER97/workshop4/jh.html [Accessed 12 January 2010]